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. 2015 Apr 30;8:253–260. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.04.018

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© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.

This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Fig. 2 — Callous–unemotional traits and conduct disorder symptoms were associated with changes in cortical folding and surface area. A. Callous–unemotional traits were positively correlated with cortical folding (as measured using local gyrification index, lGI) in the left insula in the conduct disorder (CD) group. This result was independent of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) comorbidity. B. Cortical surface area (SA) in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (PFC) and ventromedial PFC-orbitofrontal cortex was negatively correlated with the number of lifetime CD symptoms in the CD group. Note that these SA findings were only significant when controlling for comorbid ADHD symptoms.