Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants.
| Measure | HC (n = 20) |
CO-CD (n = 18) |
AO-CD (n = 18) |
One-way ANOVA F and P values |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
| Age (years) | 18.5 | 1.1 | 18.2 | 0.8 | 18.0 | 0.9 | F = 0.4; P = 0.7 |
| Estimated full-scale IQ | 102.4 | 8.1 | 96.4 | 7.8 | 101.6 | 9.6 | F = 2.7; P = 0.08 |
| Verbal IQ | 49.3 | 6.8 | 44.4 | 6.9 | 47.9 | 7.6 | F = 2.3; P = 0.1 |
| Performance IQ | 53.9 | 5.8 | 52.0 | 6.1 | 53.6 | 6.4 | F = 0.5; P = 0.6 |
| Psychopathic traits (YPI total) | 2.0 | 0.3 | 2.6 | 0.4 | 2.5 | 0.3 | F = 16.6; P < 0.001 |
| CU traits (YPI CU subscale) | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.1 | F = 10.1; P < 0.001 |
| Lifetime CD symptoms | 0.4 | 0.7 | 9.5 | 1.5 | 8.0 | 2.5 | F = 152.5; P < 0.0001 |
| Aggressive CD symptoms | 0.1 | 0.3 | 3.7 | 1.0 | 3.1 | 1.5 | F = 65.4; P < 0.0001 |
| State anxiety (STAI) | 31.2 | 6.5 | 28.1 | 6.3 | 30.7 | 6.2 | F = 1.3; P = 0.3 |
| Trait anxiety (STAI) | 33.5 | 5.7 | 40.6 | 9.8 | 38.4 | 8.4 | F = 3.9; P = 0.03 |
| Lifetime ADHD symptoms | 2.6 | 2.5 | 9.8 | 4.7 | 6.4 | 4.7 | F = 15.4; P < 0.001 |
| ACORN socioeconomic status | n | % | n | % | n | % | χ2 (exact) |
| Wealthy achievers | 3 | 15 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 2.8 | P = 0.32 |
| Urban prosperity | 5 | 25 | 2 | 5.6 | 4 | 11.1 | |
| Comfortably off | 4 | 20 | 6 | 16.7 | 5 | 13.9 | |
| Moderate means | 2 | 10 | 2 | 5.5 | 0 | 0.0 | |
| Hard-pressed | 6 | 30 | 8 | 22.2 | 8 | 22.2 | |
Key to abbreviations: ADHD, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder; AO-CD, adolescence-onset Conduct Disorder; CO-CD, childhood-onset Conduct Disorder; CU, callous–unemotional; HC, healthy control; IQ, intelligence quotient; SD, standard deviation; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; YPI, Youth Psychopathic traits Inventory. Note: ACORN is a geodemographic tool for assessing socioeconomic status using postcodes.