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. 2022 Oct 6;190(4):2739–2756. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiac426

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Proposed model of the physiological process of autumn flowering before (left) and after (right) defoliation. Decreased auxin contents in the stems at the base of flower buds after defoliation promote auxin efflux from buds, which activates flower buds. The effects of auxin combined with the stimulatory influence of CK and the diminished inhibitory effect of SL activate the PIN auxin efflux carrier and downregulate the expression of the branching inhibitor gene BRC1 to further break bud paradormancy. (Elements in the figure are not drawn to scale.)